M12-6P Ihuza indege IPC amajwi n'amashusho yatinze wire L = 6M
Iterambere ryiterambere ryimodoka munganda nshya zinganda
Kubera ko Ubushinwa bwabaye isoko ry’imodoka nini ku isi, inganda z’imodoka n’Ubushinwa nazo zinjiye mu cyiciro gishya cy’iterambere. Birashobora kugaragara guhera muri gahunda yimyaka 12 yimyaka itanu ko mumyaka itanu iri imbere, inganda z’imodoka z’Ubushinwa zizava mu nini nini zigere ku mbaraga zikomeye mu bihe byashize, kandi icyerekezo cyacyo cy’iterambere ni uguteza imbere ibinyabiziga bizigama ingufu, harimo n’imodoka nshya z’ingufu .
Nk’uko umushinga uriho ubiteganya, mu 2015, Ubushinwa buzateza imbere iterambere ry’inganda z’imodoka n’inganda zijyanye nabyo, ibikorwa remezo byo gutwara abantu mu mijyi no kurengera ibidukikije, kuva mu gihugu kinini gikora amamodoka akajya mu gihugu gikomeye cy’imodoka, kandi biteganijwe ko umubare w’igurisha ngarukamwaka uteganijwe Kugera kuri miriyoni 25 muri 2015. Bizaba urufatiro rw’inganda z’imodoka mu Bushinwa kugira ngo zirusheho gukomera. Muri 2015, igipimo cy’isoko ry’imodoka bwite mu Bushinwa kizakomeza kwagurwa. Umugabane w’isoko ryimbere yimodoka zitwara abagenzi zigenga zizarenga 50%, muribyo umugabane wimbere wimodoka zigenga zizarenga 40%. Byongeye kandi, inganda z’imodoka z’Ubushinwa zizava mu kwishingikiriza ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu zijya mu mahanga ku rugero runini. Muri 2015, kohereza ibicuruzwa byigenga byigenga byari hejuru ya 10% yumusaruro nogurisha.
Kugira ngo iyi ntego igerweho, Leta izashyigikira byimazeyo ibinyabiziga bizigama ingufu kandi bitangiza ibidukikije bifite ibicanwa gakondo, ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu byiganjemo ibinyabiziga bifite amashanyarazi meza, kandi bishyigikire ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’amavuta avanze, lisansi ya hydrogène n’ibindi binyabiziga. By'umwihariko harimo:
Icyambere, mbere ya 2015, tuzashyigikira byimazeyo iterambere ryibice byingenzi byo kuzigama ingufu n’imodoka nshya. Mu rwego rwibice byingenzi nka moteri na bateri, ihatire gushinga imishinga 3-5 yumugongo yibice byingenzi nka bateri yingufu na moteri, hamwe ninganda zirenga 60%. Icya kabiri, menya inganda zimodoka zisanzwe zikoresha amashanyarazi kandi uharanire kugira ibinyabiziga birenga miriyoni birenga / biremereye.
Kugirango uhuze neza na gahunda yimyaka 12 yimyaka itanu, umuhuza, nkibice byingenzi bigize inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga, agomba kunozwa byimazeyo. Ukurikije isesengura ryaba injeniyeri ba linkconn.cn, umukozi wumuhuza wumwuga, iterambere ryinganda zihuza ibintu bitatu byingenzi:
Iya mbere ni ukurengera ibidukikije, icya kabiri ni umutekano, naho icya gatatu ni uguhuza.
Protection Kurengera ibidukikije ... Bitewe na sisitemu y’umuvuduko mwinshi w’ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu, ibisabwa ku bahuza nabyo "bashaka aho bahurira no kubika itandukaniro" hamwe n’imodoka gakondo. Kubera ko imodoka nshya yingufu ari "icyatsi", umuhuza arasaba kandi kurengera ibidukikije. Ku bijyanye n’umutekano, bitewe nubushobozi bwikinyabiziga gishya gifite ingufu zo guhangana na 250A yumuriro na 600V nini cyane, icyifuzo cyo gukingira amashanyarazi yo murwego rwo hejuru kiragaragara. Mugihe kimwe, munsi yizo mbaraga nini, kwivanga kwa electronique nikindi kibazo cyingenzi. Byongeye kandi, ibikorwa byo gucomeka byumuhuza bizatanga arc, izabangamira cyane guhuza amashanyarazi nibikoresho bya elegitoronike, kandi bishobora gutera inkongi yimodoka, bisaba igishushanyo cyihariye niterambere ryumuhuza.
Umutekano ... Kugira ngo wuzuze ibisabwa hejuru yimodoka nshya ihuza ingufu, biterwa ahanini nigishushanyo mbonera. Kurugero, mugihe hagaragaye, birakenewe ko wirinda guhungabana kwumuyaga mwinshi, bisaba ko habaho icyuho cyumwuka runaka; Ukurikije imiterere ya voltage nini nini nini, izamuka ryubushyuhe ntirishobora kurenza agaciro kagenwe; Mugihe duhitamo igikonoshwa, dukwiye gusuzuma uburemere, imbaraga nuburyo bworoshye bwo gutunganya, nuburyo bwo gukomeza gutuza kumikorere yibikorwa bya terefone ihuza ubushyuhe butandukanye nuburyo twakwemeza neza.
Guhuza ... Bitewe no gukomeza kwagura sisitemu yimyidagaduro yimodoka, akamaro ko gukora amakuru yihuta yohereza amakuru bigenda bigaragara cyane. Kurugero, muri moderi zimwe, umutwe wa kamera washyizwe kumirorerwamo isubira inyuma, ishobora gutuma umushoferi agira umurima mugari w'icyerekezo, bisaba umuhuza kohereza amakuru menshi. Rimwe na rimwe, umuhuza aba akenewe kugirango akemure ikibazo cyo kohereza ibimenyetso bya GPS hamwe nogutangaza icyarimwe, bisaba kunoza ubushobozi bwo kohereza amakuru. Muri icyo gihe, umuhuza agomba kandi kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, kubera ko moteri yimodoka isanzwe ishyirwa imbere yimodoka. Nubwo hari firewall yo gukingira, ubushyuhe bumwe na bumwe buzoherezwa, bityo umuhuza agomba kuba ashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Intangiriro yibanze yimodoka
Insinga z'imodoka, zizwi kandi nk'insinga nkeya, ziratandukanye n'insinga zisanzwe zo murugo. Insinga zisanzwe murugo ni umuringa umwe wibanze hamwe nuburemere runaka. Intsinga yimodoka ni umuringa wibikoresho byinshi byoroshye. Intsinga zimwe zoroshye zoroshye nkumusatsi. Insinga nyinshi cyangwa nyinshi zinsinga zumuringa zizingiye mu miyoboro ya pulasitike (PVC), yoroshye kandi ntibyoroshye kumeneka.
Bitewe numwihariko winganda zimodoka, inzira yo gukora ibikoresho byimodoka nayo irihariye kuruta ibindi bikoresho bisanzwe.
Sisitemu yo gukora ibyuma byimodoka birashobora kugabanywa mubice bibiri:
1. Kugabanywa n’ibihugu by’Uburayi n’Amerika, harimo n’Ubushinwa:
Sisitemu ya TS16949 ikoreshwa mugucunga inzira yo gukora.
2. Ahanini Biturutse mu Buyapani:
Kurugero, Toyota na Honda bifite sisitemu zabo zo kugenzura ibikorwa.
Hamwe no kwiyongera kwimikorere yimodoka hamwe nogukoresha kwisi yose muburyo bwa tekinoroji yo kugenzura ikoranabuhanga, hariho ibice byinshi byamashanyarazi, insinga nyinshi, kandi ibikoresho bigenda byiyongera kandi biremereye. Kubwibyo, ibinyabiziga byateye imbere byashyizeho iboneza rya bisi kandi byemejwe na sisitemu yohereza imiyoboro myinshi. Ugereranije nibikoresho gakondo byifashishwa, ibikoresho byinshi byohereza imiyoboro bigabanya cyane umubare winsinga nuhuza, bigatuma insinga zoroha.
Bikunze gukoreshwa
Ibisobanuro rusange byinsinga mubikoresho byimodoka harimo insinga zifite ibice byambukiranya ibice bya 0.5, 0,75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0 na 6.0 mm2 (uduce twa nominal duhuza ibice bikunze gukoreshwa mumodoka yabayapani ni 0.5, 0,85, 1.25, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0 na 6.0 mm2). Bose bafite imitwaro yemewe igezweho kandi bafite insinga kubikoresho byamashanyarazi bifite imbaraga zitandukanye. Dufashe ibikoresho byose byimodoka nkurugero, umurongo wa 0.5 ugaragara ukurikizwa kumatara yibikoresho, amatara yerekana, amatara yumuryango, amatara yo hejuru, nibindi; 0.75 umurongo utomora urakoreshwa kumatara yicyapa, amatara yimbere ninyuma matara mato, amatara ya feri, nibindi; 1.0 umurongo utondekanya urakoreshwa muguhindura itara ryibimenyetso, itara ryibicu, nibindi; 1.5 umurongo ugaragara urakoreshwa kumatara, amahembe, nibindi; Umurongo wamashanyarazi nyamukuru, nkumurongo wa armature ya generator, insinga zubutaka, nibindi, bisaba insinga 2,5 kugeza 4 mm2. Ibi bivuze gusa ko kumodoka zisanzwe, urufunguzo rushingiye kumubare ntarengwa wumutwaro. Kurugero, insinga zo hasi hamwe ninsinga nziza za bateri ni insinga zidasanzwe zimodoka zikoreshwa wenyine. Imirambarire ya wire yabo ni nini, byibura milimetero zirenga icumi. Izi nsinga "Big Mac" ntizinjizwa mubikoresho nyamukuru.
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Mbere yo gutunganya ibikoresho, shushanya igishushanyo mbonera mbere. Igishushanyo cya harness gitandukanye nigishushanyo mbonera cyumuzingi. Igishushanyo mbonera cyizunguruka ni ishusho isobanura isano iri hagati yibice bitandukanye byamashanyarazi. Ntabwo yerekana uburyo ibice by'amashanyarazi bihuzwa, kandi ntibiterwa nubunini nuburyo imiterere yibice bitandukanye byamashanyarazi nintera iri hagati yabyo. Igishushanyo mbonera kigomba kuzirikana ingano n'imiterere ya buri kintu kigizwe n'amashanyarazi n'intera iri hagati yazo, kandi bikagaragaza uburyo ibice by'amashanyarazi bihuzwa.
Nyuma yuko abatekinisiye b'uruganda rukora insinga bakoze ikibaho cyo gukoresha insinga bakurikije igishushanyo mbonera cy’abakozi, abakozi baca kandi batunganya insinga bakurikije ibivugwa mu kibaho. Ibikoresho nyamukuru byikinyabiziga cyose bigabanijemo moteri (gutwika, EFI, kubyara amashanyarazi, gutangira), ibikoresho, amatara, icyuma gikonjesha, ibikoresho bifasha nibindi bice, harimo ibikoresho byingenzi hamwe nishami ryishami. Ibikoresho nyamukuru byikinyabiziga cyose bifite ibikoresho byinshi byamashami, nkibiti byibiti n'amashami. Ibikoresho nyamukuru byikinyabiziga cyose bifata umwanya wibikoresho nkigice cyibanze kandi kigera imbere ninyuma. Bitewe nuburebure burebure cyangwa guterana byoroshye, ibikoresho byimodoka zimwe bigabanyijemo ibikoresho byimbere (harimo ibikoresho, moteri, guterana imbere imbere, icyuma gikonjesha na batiri), ibikoresho byinyuma (guteranya amatara yumurizo, itara ryerekana ibyapa n itara ryibiti), ibikoresho byo hejuru (urugi, itara rya gisenge hamwe nihembe ryamajwi), nibindi. Buri mpera yicyuma kizashyirwaho nimero ninyuguti kugirango berekane ikintu gihuza insinga. Umukoresha arashobora kubona ko ikimenyetso gishobora guhuzwa neza ninsinga zijyanye nibikoresho byamashanyarazi, bigira akamaro cyane mugihe cyo gusana cyangwa gusimbuza ibikoresho. Mugihe kimwe, ibara ryinsinga igabanijwemo insinga ya monochrome hamwe ninsinga zibiri. Intego yibara nayo irasobanuwe, mubisanzwe nibisanzwe byashyizweho nuruganda rwimodoka. Inganda z’Ubushinwa ziteganya gusa ibara nyamukuru. Kurugero, iteganya ko umukara umwe ukoreshwa byumwihariko muguhuza insinga naho umutuku ugakoreshwa mumashanyarazi, udashobora kwitiranya.
Icyuma kiziritseho umugozi uboshye cyangwa kaseti ya plastike. Kugirango umutekano, gutunganya no kubungabunga byorohewe, gupfunyika umugozi byavanyweho none byapfunyitse kaseti ya plastike. Isano iri hagati yimyambarire nicyuma no hagati yicyuma nibice byamashanyarazi bifata umuhuza cyangwa lug. Ihuza ikozwe muri plastiki kandi igabanijwemo plug na sock. Icyuma cyinsinga gihujwe nicyuma cyicyuma hamwe nu muhuza, kandi isano iri hagati yicyuma cyicyuma nibice byamashanyarazi bihujwe numuhuza cyangwa lug.
Ubumenyi bwibikoresho
Ibisabwa kubikoresho byimodoka nabyo birakomeye:
Harimo imikorere yumuriro wacyo, ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, kurwanya ubushyuhe nibindi, ibisabwa birarenze ibikoresho rusange, cyane cyane bijyanye numutekano: kurugero, ibikoresho byibintu byingenzi nka sisitemu yo kugenzura icyerekezo na feri, ibisabwa birakomeye .
Imikorere yo gutangiza ibikoresho byimodoka
Mu binyabiziga bigezweho, hariho ibikoresho byinshi byimodoka, kandi sisitemu yo kugenzura ibikoresho bya elegitoronike bifitanye isano rya bugufi. Umuntu yigeze gukora ikigereranyo gifatika: niba imikorere ya microcomputer, sensor na actuator igereranijwe numubiri wumuntu, twavuga ko microcomputer ihwanye nubwonko bwabantu, sensor ihwanye ningingo zumva, kandi actuator ihwanye ningingo ya moteri, hanyuma ibikoresho ni imitsi n'amaraso.
Ibikoresho byimodoka numuyoboro nyamukuru wumuzunguruko wimodoka. Ihuza amashanyarazi na elegitoronike yimodoka kandi ikora. Hatabayeho ibikoresho, ntamuzunguruko wimodoka uzaba. Kugeza ubu, yaba imodoka nziza cyane cyangwa imodoka isanzwe yubukungu, ibikoresho byo gukoresha insinga ahanini ni bimwe muburyo, bigizwe ninsinga, umuhuza hamwe na kaseti. Ntigomba gusa kwemeza kohereza ibimenyetso byamashanyarazi gusa, ahubwo inemeza ko kwizerwa kwumuzunguruko uhuza, gutanga agaciro kerekanwe kubikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’amashanyarazi, birinda amashanyarazi kwangirika kumuzenguruko ukikije, no gukuraho umuzenguruko mugufi wibikoresho byamashanyarazi. [1]
Kubijyanye nimikorere, ibikoresho byimodoka birashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: umurongo wamashanyarazi utwara imbaraga za moteri ikora (actuator) numurongo wibimenyetso wohereza itegeko ryinjira rya sensor. Umurongo w'amashanyarazi ni insinga nini itwara amashanyarazi manini, mugihe umurongo wikimenyetso ni insinga yoroheje idatwara ingufu (itumanaho rya fibre optique); Kurugero, agace kambukiranya insinga zikoreshwa mukuzunguruka ibimenyetso ni 0.3 na 0.5mm2.
Ibice byambukiranya insinga za moteri na moteri ni 0,85 na 1.25mm2, mugihe uduce twambukiranya insinga zumuriro w'amashanyarazi ari 2, 3 na 5mm2; Imirongo idasanzwe (itangira, iyindi, moteri ya moteri ya moteri, nibindi) ifite ibisobanuro bitandukanye bya 8, 10, 15 na 20mm2. Ninini igice cyambukiranya igice cyuyobora, nubushobozi bugezweho. Usibye gusuzuma imikorere y'amashanyarazi, guhitamo insinga nabyo bigabanywa nibikorwa bifatika iyo biri mubwato, bityo guhitamo kwayo ni kwagutse cyane. Kurugero, umuryango ufunguye / ufunze kenshi kuri tagisi kandi insinga hejuru yumubiri igomba kuba igizwe ninsinga zifite imikorere myiza. Umuyoboro ukoreshwa mu bice by'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru muri rusange usanga umuyoboro usizwe na vinyl chloride na polyethylene hamwe na insuline nziza kandi birwanya ubushyuhe. Mu myaka yashize, ikoreshwa rya insinga zo gukingira amashanyarazi mumashanyarazi adakomeye nayo iriyongera.
Hamwe no kwiyongera kwimikorere yimodoka hamwe nogukoresha kwisi yose tekinoroji yo kugenzura ikoranabuhanga, hariho ibice byinshi byamashanyarazi ninsinga. Umubare wumuzunguruko no gukoresha ingufu kumodoka wiyongera cyane, kandi ibikoresho bigenda byiyongera kandi biremereye. Iki nikibazo gikomeye kigomba gukemurwa. Nigute ushobora gukora umubare munini wibikoresho byinsinga mumwanya muto wimodoka, uburyo bwo kubitunganya neza kandi byumvikana, nuburyo bwo gukora ibyuma byimodoka bigira uruhare runini byabaye ikibazo gihura ninganda zikora amamodoka.
Ubuhanga bwo gukora ibikoresho byimodoka
Hamwe nogukomeza kunoza ibyo abantu bakeneye kugirango bahumurizwe, ubukungu numutekano, ubwoko bwibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike kumodoka nabyo biriyongera, ibikoresho byimodoka biragenda bigorana, kandi igipimo cyo kunanirwa kwicyuma nacyo kiriyongera bikurikije. Ibi bisaba kunoza kwizerwa no kuramba kwicyuma. Abantu benshi bashishikajwe nigikorwa nogukora ibyuma byimodoka. Hano, urashobora gukora ibisobanuro byoroheje byubumenyi bwimikorere yimodoka ikoresha kandi ikabyara umusaruro. Ukeneye gusa kumara iminota mike uyisoma.
Nyuma yo gushushanya ibicuruzwa bibiri-bishushanyo byerekana ibikoresho byimodoka bisohotse, inzira yo gukora ibinyabiziga igomba gutegurwa. Inzira ikora umusaruro. Byombi ntibishobora gutandukana. Kubwibyo, umwanditsi ahuza umusaruro nuburyo bwo gukoresha imodoka.
Sitasiyo yambere yo gukoresha insinga ni inzira yo gufungura. Ukuri gufungura inzira bifitanye isano itaziguye niterambere ryose. Iyo habaye ikosa, cyane cyane ubunini bugufi bwo gufungura, bizaganisha ku kongera gukora sitasiyo zose, bitwara igihe kandi bikora, kandi bigira ingaruka kumikorere. Kubwibyo, mugihe dutegura inzira yo gufungura insinga, tugomba kumenya neza ingano yo gufungura insinga nubunini bwamburwa bwa kiyobora dukurikije ibisabwa gushushanya.
Sitasiyo ya kabiri nyuma yo gufungura umurongo ni inzira yo gutambuka. Ibipimo bya crimping byagenwe ukurikije ubwoko bwa terefone isabwa nigishushanyo, kandi amabwiriza yo gukora crimping yakozwe. Niba hari ibisabwa byihariye, birakenewe kubigaragaza kumpapuro zikorwa no guhugura ababikora. Kurugero, insinga zimwe zigomba kunyura mumashanyarazi mbere yo gutemba. Irakeneye kubanza guteranya insinga, hanyuma igasubira kuri sitasiyo yabanje guterana mbere yo gutombora; Mubyongeyeho, ibikoresho bidasanzwe byo gusya bikoreshwa mugutobora gutobora, bifite imikorere myiza yo guhuza amashanyarazi.
Noneho haza inzira yo guterana. Ubwa mbere, tegura igitabo gikora ibikorwa byinteko. Kugirango tunoze imikorere rusange yinteko, sitasiyo yabanje guterana igomba gushyirwaho ibyuma bigoye. Niba gahunda yo guterana mbere yumvikana cyangwa idahwitse bigira ingaruka kumikorere yinteko rusange kandi ikagaragaza urwego rwa tekiniki rwumukorikori. Niba igice cyateranijwe kidateranyirijwe hamwe cyangwa inzira y'insinga ziteranijwe zidafite ishingiro, bizongera akazi k'abakozi b'inteko rusange kandi bidindiza umuvuduko w'umurongo w'iteraniro, bityo abatekinisiye bagomba kuguma kumurongo kandi bagahora bavuga muri make.
Intambwe yanyuma ninzira yanyuma yo guterana. Ushobora kwegeranya platine yinteko yateguwe nishami rishinzwe iterambere ryibicuruzwa, gushushanya ibisobanuro nubunini bwibikoresho bikoreshwa hamwe nagasanduku k'ibikoresho, hanyuma ugashyiraho nimero y'ibyuma byose byateranirijwe hamwe nibindi bikoresho ku gasanduku k'ibikoresho kugirango ubashe gukora neza inteko. Tegura ibikubiye mu nteko n'ibisabwa kuri buri sitasiyo, kuringaniza sitasiyo yose, kandi wirinde ko ibintu byakazi ari binini kandi umuvuduko wumurongo wose ugabanuka. Kugirango ugere ku ntera yimyanya yakazi, abakozi bashinzwe bagomba kuba bamenyereye buri gikorwa, kubara amasaha yakazi kurubuga, no guhindura gahunda yo guterana igihe icyo aricyo cyose.
Mubyongeyeho, inzira yimyitozo ikubiyemo no gutegura gahunda yo gukoresha ibikoresho, kubara amasaha yabantu, amahugurwa y'abakozi, nibindi kuko agaciro ka tekiniki ntabwo kari hejuru, ntabwo bizasobanurwa muburyo burambuye. Mu ijambo rimwe, ibirimo nubwiza bwimodoka zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya elegitoronike ryagiye rihinduka icyerekezo cyingenzi cyo gusuzuma imikorere yimodoka. Abakora ibinyabiziga bagomba kwitondera byumwihariko guhitamo ibikoresho byinsinga, kandi birakenewe kandi gusobanukirwa inzira numusaruro wibyuma byimodoka.
