Umuyoboro w'indege wa M12-6P Insinga yo gutinza amajwi n'amashusho ya IPC L=6M
Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga mu guhuza imodoka mu nganda nshya z'ingufu z'imodoka
Kubera ko Ubushinwa bubaye isoko rikomeye ku isi mu kugurisha imodoka, inganda z’imodoka zo mu Bushinwa nazo zinjiye mu ntera nshya y’iterambere. Bigaragara muri gahunda ya 12 y’imyaka itanu ko mu myaka itanu iri imbere, inganda z’imodoka zo mu Bushinwa zizava ku rwego runini zijya ku rwego rukomeye mu bihe byashize, kandi icyerekezo cyazo cy’iterambere ni uguteza imbere imodoka zikoresha ingufu ziciriritse, harimo n’imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu.
Dukurikije gahunda iriho ubu, mu 2015, Ubushinwa buzateza imbere iterambere rihuriweho ry’inganda z’imodoka n’izindi nganda zifitanye isano, ibikorwa remezo by’ubwikorezi mu mijyi no kurengera ibidukikije, buve mu gihugu kinini gikora imodoka bujye mu gihugu gikomeye cy’imodoka, kandi umubare w’imodoka zigurishwa buri mwaka witezwe kugera kuri miliyoni 25 mu 2015. Bizaba inkingi ikomeye y’inganda z’imodoka zo mu Bushinwa kugira ngo zirusheho gukomera. Mu 2015, igipimo cy’isoko ry’imodoka zo mu Bushinwa kizakomeza kwaguka. Isoko ry’imodoka zitwara abagenzi ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu rizarenga 50%, aho igice cy’imodoka zitwara abagenzi mu gihugu kizarenga 40%. Byongeye kandi, inganda z’imodoka zo mu Bushinwa zizava ku isoko ry’ibikenewe mu gihugu zijya mu mahanga ku rwego runini. Mu 2015, kohereza imodoka zigenga mu mahanga byagize ibirenga 10% by’umusaruro n’ibicuruzwa.
Kugira ngo iyi ntego igerweho, Leta izashyigikira cyane imodoka zikoresha ingufu ziciriritse kandi zirinda ibidukikije hamwe n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli gakondo, imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu ziganjemo imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, kandi izashyigikira ubushakashatsi n’iterambere rya peteroli zivanze, peteroli ya hydrogen n’izindi. By’umwihariko harimo:
Ubwa mbere, mbere ya 2015, tuzashyigikira cyane iterambere ry'ibice by'ingenzi by'imodoka zikoresha ingufu ziciriritse n'izikoresha ingufu nshya. Mu rwego rw'ibice by'ingenzi nka moteri na bateri, haranira gushinga ibigo 3-5 by'ingenzi by'ibice by'ingenzi nka bateri z'amashanyarazi na moteri, bifite ubwinshi bw'inganda zirenga 60%. Icya kabiri, menya iterambere ry'inganda z'ibinyabiziga bisanzwe bikoresha amashanyarazi kandi uharanire kugira ibinyabiziga birenga miliyoni imwe bitwara abagenzi biciriritse / biremereye.
Kugira ngo ihuze neza na gahunda y'imyaka itanu ya 12, ihuriro ry'imodoka, nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'inganda z'imodoka, rigomba kunozwa mu buryo bwuzuye. Dukurikije isesengura ryakozwe n'abahanga ba linkconn.cn, umukozi w'umwuga ushinzwe guhuza imodoka, iterambere ry'inganda zihuza imodoka rifite icyerekezo kinini bitatu:
Icya mbere ni ukurengera ibidukikije, icya kabiri ni umutekano, naho icya gatatu ni uguhuza ibikorwa remezo.
● kurengera ibidukikije... Bitewe n'uburyo bukoresha ingufu nyinshi mu modoka nshya, ibisabwa ku miyoboro y'amashanyarazi nabyo "bishakisha aho bihurira mu gihe bigabanya itandukaniro" n'imodoka gakondo. Kubera ko imodoka nshya y'amashanyarazi ari imodoka "y'icyatsi", umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi nawo ukeneye uburinzi bw'ibidukikije bw'icyatsi. Ku bijyanye n'umutekano, bitewe n'ubushobozi bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi mushya bwo kwihanganira ingufu za 250A na 600V, icyifuzo cy'uburinzi bw'amashanyarazi buhanitse kiragaragara. Muri icyo gihe, muri ubwo bubasha bwinshi, ikibazo cy'amashanyarazi ni ikindi kibazo cy'ingenzi. Byongeye kandi, imikorere yo gufunga umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi izatera arc, izashyira mu kaga cyane umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, kandi ishobora gutera umuriro w'imodoka, ibyo bikaba bisaba igishushanyo cyihariye n'iterambere ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi.
● umutekano... Kugira ngo huzuzwe ibisabwa ku mikorere yo hejuru y’ibihuza imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu, ahanini bishingiye ku miterere ikomeye. Urugero, mu gihe habayeho impanuka, ni ngombwa kwirinda ko umwuka wangirika bitewe n’amashanyarazi menshi, bisaba ko habaho icyuho runaka cy’umwuka; Mu gihe cy’amashanyarazi menshi n’amashanyarazi menshi, izamuka ry’ubushyuhe ntirigomba kurenza agaciro kagenwe; Mu gihe duhitamo ibikoresho by’imashini, tugomba gusuzuma uburemere, imbaraga n’uburyo bworoshye bwo gutunganya, n’uburyo bwo kubungabunga imikorere y’ibikoresho by’imashini zihuza ku bushyuhe butandukanye n’uburyo bwo kwemeza ko zikora neza.
● guhuza... Bitewe no kwaguka guhoraho kwa sisitemu yo kwidagadura mu modoka, akamaro ko kohereza amakuru yihuta kararushaho kugaragara. Urugero, muri zimwe muri moderi, umutwe wa kamera ushyirwa ku ndorerwamo isubira inyuma, ibi bikaba bishobora gutuma umushoferi agira ubushobozi bwo kureba neza, ibyo bikaba bisaba ko icyuma gihuza amakuru cyohereza amakuru menshi. Hari igihe hakenerwa icyuma gihuza amakuru kugira ngo gikemure ikibazo cyo kohereza ibimenyetso bya GPS n'ibimenyetso byo gusakaza amakuru icyarimwe, ibyo bikaba bisaba kunoza ubushobozi bwo kohereza amakuru. Muri icyo gihe, icyuma gihuza amakuru nacyo kigomba kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi, kuko moteri y'imodoka ikunze gushyirwa imbere y'imodoka. Nubwo hari icyuma gikingira umuriro cyo kurinda, hari ubushyuhe bushobora koherezwa, bityo icyuma gihuza amakuru kigomba gushobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Intangiriro y'ibanze y'imigozi y'imodoka
Insinga z'imodoka, zizwi kandi nka insinga zifite voltage nkeya, zitandukanye n'insinga zisanzwe zo mu rugo. Insinga zisanzwe zo mu rugo ni insinga z'umuringa zifite core imwe zifite ubukana runaka. Insinga z'imodoka ni insinga zihindagurika z'umuringa. Insinga zimwe na zimwe zihindagurika ziba zoroshye nk'umusatsi. Insinga nyinshi cyangwa nyinshi z'umuringa zihambiriwe mu miyoboro ya pulasitiki irinda ubushyuhe (PVC), zoroshye kandi ntizoroshye kuzimena.
Bitewe n'umwihariko w'inganda z'imodoka, uburyo bwo gukora imigozi y'imodoka nabwo ni umwihariko kurusha izindi migozi zisanzwe.
Sisitemu zo gukora imiyoboro y'insinga z'imodoka zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri:
1. Bigabanyijwemo ibice hakurikijwe ibihugu by'i Burayi n'Amerika, harimo n'Ubushinwa:
Sisitemu ya TS16949 ikoreshwa mu kugenzura inzira yo gukora.
2. Ahanini cyane bakomoka mu Buyapani:
Urugero, Toyota na Honda bafite uburyo bwabo bwo kugenzura inzira yo gukora.
Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’imikorere y’imodoka no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu kugenzura ikoranabuhanga, ibice by’amashanyarazi bigenda byiyongera, insinga zigenda ziyongera, kandi umugozi urushaho kuba munini. Kubwibyo, imodoka zigezweho zashyizeho uburyo bwo gushyiraho bisi zikoresha imiyoboro myinshi kandi zikoresha sisitemu yo kohereza imiyoboro myinshi. Ugereranyije n’umugozi usanzwe, igikoresho cyo kohereza imiyoboro myinshi kigabanya cyane umubare w’insinga n’ibihuza, bigatuma insinga zoroha.
Bikunze gukoreshwa
Ibisobanuro bisanzwe by'insinga mu miyoboro y'imodoka birimo insinga zifite ubuso bungana na 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0 na 6.0 mm2 (ahantu hasanzwe hakoreshwa imodoka zo mu Buyapani ni 0.5, 0.85, 1.25, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0 na 6.0 mm2). Zose zifite agaciro k'umuvuduko wemewe kandi zifite insinga zo gukoresha ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bifite imbaraga zitandukanye. Dufashe urugero rw'imiyoboro yose y'imodoka, umurongo wa 0.5 ukoreshwa ku matara y'ibikoresho, amatara y'indangamuntu, amatara y'inzugi, amatara yo hejuru, nibindi; umurongo wa 0.75 ukoreshwa ku matara ya plaque, amatara mato y'imbere n'inyuma, amatara ya feri, nibindi; umurongo wa 1.0 ukoreshwa ku itara ry'ikimenyetso cyo guhindukira, itara ry'igihu, nibindi; umurongo wa 1.5 ukoreshwa ku matara y'urumuri, amahoni, nibindi; Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi nyamukuru, nk'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi utera amashanyarazi, insinga zo hasi, n'ibindi, bisaba insinga za mm2 2.5 kugeza kuri 4. Ibi bivuze gusa ko ku modoka zisanzwe, urufunguzo rushingira ku gaciro ntarengwa k'umuzigo. Urugero, insinga zo hasi n'insinga z'amashanyarazi za bateri ni insinga zihariye z'imodoka zikoreshwa zonyine. Ubwinshi bw'insinga zazo ni bunini, nibura burenga milimetero kare icumi. Izi nsinga za "Big Mac" ntizishyirwa mu muyoboro mukuru.
urutonde
Mbere yo gutegura umugozi, shushanya igishushanyo cy'umugozi mbere y'igihe. Ishusho y'umugozi itandukanye n'ishusho y'umugozi. Ishusho y'umugozi ni ishusho isobanura isano iri hagati y'ibice bitandukanye by'amashanyarazi. Ntiyerekana uburyo ibice by'amashanyarazi bihujwe, kandi ntigira ingaruka ku bunini n'imiterere y'ibice bitandukanye by'amashanyarazi n'intera iri hagati yabyo. Ishusho y'umugozi igomba kwita ku bunini n'imiterere ya buri gice cy'amashanyarazi n'intera iri hagati yabyo, kandi ikagaragaza n'uburyo ibice by'amashanyarazi bihujwe.
Nyuma y’uko abatekinisiye b’uruganda rukora insinga bakoze urubaho rw’insinga hakurikijwe igishushanyo mbonera cy’insinga, abakozi bakataga insinga bakurikije ibikubiye mu rubaho rw’insinga. Urubaho rw’ingenzi rw’imodoka yose muri rusange rugabanyijemo moteri (gutwika, EFI, gutanga amashanyarazi, gutangiza), igikoresho, amatara, icyuma gikonjesha, ibikoresho by’inyongera n’ibindi bice, harimo urubaho rw’ingenzi n’urubaho rw’ishami. Urubaho rw’ingenzi rw’imodoka yose rufite imigozi myinshi y’amashami, kimwe n’ibiti n’amashami. Urubaho rw’ingenzi rw’imodoka yose rukunze gufata igice cy’igikoresho nk’igice cy’ibanze kandi kikagera imbere n’inyuma. Bitewe n’uburebure cyangwa uburyo bworoshye bwo guteranya, urubaho rw’imodoka zimwe na zimwe rugabanyijemo imigozi y’imbere (harimo igikoresho, moteri, urubaho rw’imbere, icyuma gikonjesha na bateri), urubaho rw’inyuma (urubaho rw’itara ry’inyuma, itara rya plaque n’itara ryo hejuru), urubaho rwo hejuru (urugi, itara ryo hejuru n’ihoni y’amajwi), nibindi. Buri mpera y’urubaho izashyirwaho imibare n’inyuguti kugira ngo yerekane ikintu gihuza insinga. Umukoresha ashobora kubona ko ikimenyetso gishobora guhuzwa neza n’insinga n’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro cyane cyane mu gusana cyangwa gusimbuza urubaho. Muri icyo gihe, ibara ry'insinga rigabanyijemo insinga imwe n'insinga z'amabara abiri. Intego y'ibara nayo iragaragazwa, muri rusange ikaba ari yo igenwa n'uruganda rw'imodoka. Amahame ngenderwaho y'inganda zo mu Bushinwa agena gusa ibara nyamukuru. Urugero, agena ko umukara umwe ukoreshwa by'umwihariko mu nsinga zo hasi naho umutuku ugakoreshwa mu nsinga z'amashanyarazi, ibyo bikaba bitashobora kwitiranywa.
Umugozi upfundikirwa n'umugozi uboshye cyangwa kaseti ya pulasitiki. Kugira ngo umutekano, gutunganya no kubungabunga byorohere, umugozi upfundikirwa wakuweho none ubu upfundikirwa na kaseti ya pulasitiki iboshye. Isano iri hagati y'umugozi n'umugozi no hagati y'umugozi n'ibice by'amashanyarazi ikoresha umugozi cyangwa umugozi. Umugozi ukozwe muri pulasitiki kandi ugabanyijemo ibice bibiri. Umugozi uhujwe n'umugozi uhujwe n'umugozi uhujwe n'umugozi, kandi isano iri hagati y'umugozi n'ibice by'amashanyarazi ihujwe n'umugozi cyangwa umugozi.
Ubumenyi bw'Ibikoresho
Ibisabwa ku bikoresho byo gukoresha imodoka nabyo birakomeye cyane:
Harimo imikorere yayo y'amashanyarazi, imyuka iva mu bikoresho, ubushyuhe n'ibindi, ibisabwa biri hejuru y'umugozi rusange, cyane cyane ibijyanye n'umutekano: urugero, umugozi w'ibice by'ingenzi nka sisitemu yo kugenzura icyerekezo na feri, ibisabwa birakomeye cyane.
Imikorere yo gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukoresha imodoka
Mu modoka za none, hari imigozi myinshi y'imodoka, kandi sisitemu yo kugenzura ikoranabuhanga ifitanye isano rya bugufi n'imigozi. Hari umuntu wigeze gutanga ikigereranyo kigaragara: niba imikorere ya mudasobwa nto, sensor na actuator igereranywa n'umubiri w'umuntu, bishobora kuvugwa ko mudasobwa nto ingana n'ubwonko bw'umuntu, sensor ingana n'ingingo z'ibyumviro, naho actuator ingana n'urugingo rw'imoteri, icyo gihe imigozi ni imitsi n'amaraso.
Umugozi w'imodoka ni wo muyoboro w'ingenzi w'urusobe rw'imodoka. Uhuza ibice by'amashanyarazi n'iby'ikoranabuhanga by'imodoka kandi bigatuma bikora neza. Nta mugozi, nta mugozi w'imodoka uzaba uhari. Muri iki gihe, yaba ari imodoka igezweho cyangwa imodoka isanzwe ihendutse, umugozi w'insinga ufite imiterere imwe, ugizwe n'insinga, imiyoboro n'ikaseti yo kuzingira. Ntabwo ugomba kwemeza gusa kohereza ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi, ahubwo ugomba no kwemeza ko urusobe rw'amashanyarazi ruhamye, gutanga agaciro k'amashanyarazi ku bice by'amashanyarazi n'iby'amashanyarazi, gukumira ingaruka z'amashanyarazi ku bice bikikije, no gukuraho umugozi mugufi w'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi. [1]
Mu bijyanye n'imikorere, umugozi w'imodoka ushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: umurongo w'amashanyarazi utwara ingufu za actuator (actuator) n'umurongo w'ibimenyetso wohereza itegeko ryinjira rya sensor. Umurongo w'amashanyarazi ni insinga nini itwara umuriro munini, mu gihe umurongo w'ibimenyetso ari insinga nto idatwara umuriro (itumanaho rya fibre optique); Urugero, agace k'insinga ikoreshwa mu ruziga rw'ibimenyetso ni 0.3 na 0.5mm2.
Ahantu hahurira insinga za moteri na actuators ni 0.85 na 1.25mm2, mu gihe ahahurira insinga za circuits z'amashanyarazi ari 2, 3 na 5mm2; Insinga zidasanzwe (starter, alternator, insinga yo gusimbuza moteri, nibindi) zifite ibisobanuro bitandukanye bya 8, 10, 15 na 20mm2. Uko agace ka crossection k'umuyoboro kaba kanini, niko ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi buba bwinshi. Uretse gusuzuma imikorere y'amashanyarazi, guhitamo insinga nabyo bigengwa n'imikorere ifatika iyo uri mu bwato, bityo urwego rwo guhitamo ni runini cyane. Urugero, umuryango ukunze gufungurwa / gufungwa kuri tagisi n'insinga ku mubiri wose bigomba kuba bigizwe n'insinga zifite imikorere myiza yo guhindagurika. Umuyoboro ukoreshwa mu bice by'ubushyuhe bwinshi muri rusange ukoresha umuyoboro utwikiriwe na vinyl chloride na polyethylene ufite ubushyuhe bwiza kandi urwanya ubushyuhe. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ikoreshwa ry'insinga zikingira amashanyarazi mu nsinga z'ibimenyetso bidakomeye naryo ririyongera.
Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’imikorere y’imodoka no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu kugenzura ikoranabuhanga, ibice by’amashanyarazi n’insinga birushaho kwiyongera. Umubare w’insinga n’ikoreshwa ry’amashanyarazi ku modoka uriyongera cyane, kandi insinga zigenda zirushaho kuba nini. Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye kigomba gukemurwa. Uburyo bwo gukora insinga nyinshi mu mwanya muto w’imodoka, uburyo bwo kuzitunganya neza kandi neza, n’uburyo bwo gukora insinga z’imodoka bigira uruhare runini, byahindutse ikibazo gihangayikishije inganda zikora imodoka.
Ikoranabuhanga mu gukora imigozi y'imodoka
Kubera ko abantu bakomeje kunoza ibyo bakeneye kugira ngo bagire ihumure, bakize kandi bagire umutekano, ubwoko bw'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga ku modoka nabyo biriyongera, uburyo bwo gufunga imodoka burimo kugenda burushaho kuba ingorabahizi, kandi igipimo cyo gucika kw'uburyo bwo gufunga imodoka nacyo kirimo kwiyongera uko bikwiye. Ibi bisaba kunoza uburyo bwo kwizerwa no kuramba kw'uburyo bwo gufunga ibyuma. Abantu benshi bashishikajwe n'uburyo bwo gukora no gukora uburyo bwo gufunga ibyuma by'imodoka. Aha, ushobora gusobanura byoroheje ubumenyi bw'uburyo bwo gufunga ibyuma by'imodoka no kubikora. Ugomba kumara iminota mike gusa usoma.
Nyuma y'uko igishushanyo cy'ibicuruzwa by'imigozi y'imodoka kivuye, inzira yo gukora imigozi y'imodoka igomba gutegurwa. Inzira niyo ifasha mu gukora. Ibyo byombi ntibishobora gutandukana. Kubwibyo, umwanditsi ahuza ikorwa n'inzira yo gukora imigozi y'imodoka.
Aho insinga zikorera ni inzira yo gufungura. Ubunyangamugayo bw'inzira yo gufungura bufitanye isano itaziguye n'iterambere ryose ry'umusaruro. Iyo habayeho ikosa, cyane cyane ingano ngufi y'ifungura, bizatuma habaho ivugurura ry'aho insinga zose zikorera, bifata igihe kinini kandi binaniza, kandi bigira ingaruka ku musaruro. Kubwibyo, mu gihe dutegura inzira yo gufungura insinga, tugomba kumenya neza ingano y'insinga n'ingano yo gukuramo insinga z'icyuma hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu gishushanyo.
Igice cya kabiri nyuma yo gufungura umurongo ni inzira yo gufunga. Ibipimo byo gufunga bigenwa hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'aho icyuma gishyirwa gikenewe n'igishushanyo, kandi amabwiriza yo gufunga aratangwa. Niba hari ibisabwa byihariye, ni ngombwa kubyerekana ku nyandiko z'uburyo no guhugura ababikora. Urugero, insinga zimwe na zimwe zigomba kunyura mu gipfunyika mbere yo gufunga. Igomba mbere yo guteranya insinga, hanyuma ikagaruka ivuye aho icyuma gitangira guteranya mbere yo gufunga; Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byihariye byo gufunga bikoreshwa mu gufunga, bifite imikorere myiza y'amashanyarazi.
Hanyuma hakurikiraho inzira yo gutegura mbere yo guteranya. Ubwa mbere, tegura igitabo cy'amabwiriza agenga inzira yo gutegura mbere yo guteranya. Kugira ngo hongerwe imikorere myiza y'inteko rusange, aho bategura mbere yo guteranya hagomba gushyirwaho imigozi ikomeye y'insinga. Uburyo bwo gutegura mbere yo guteranya bwaba buhagije cyangwa budahagije, bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere y'inteko rusange kandi bigagaragaza urwego rwa tekiniki rw'umunyabukorikori. Niba igice cyateranijwe mbere kidateranywa cyane cyangwa inzira y'insinga yateranijwe idahagije, byongera akazi k'abakozi b'inteko rusange kandi bigabanye umuvuduko w'umurongo wo guteranya, bityo abatekinisiye bagomba kuguma aho hantu kandi bagahora basobanura.
Intambwe ya nyuma ni inzira ya nyuma yo guteranya. Urashobora gukusanya plateni y'inkunga yakozwe n'ishami rishinzwe iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa, gushushanya ibipimo n'ingano by'ibikoresho byo guteranya n'agasanduku k'ibikoresho, no gushyira imibare y'ibikoresho byose byo guteranya n'ibindi bikoresho ku gasanduku k'ibikoresho kugira ngo wongere imikorere myiza yo guteranya. Tegura ibikubiye mu ntera n'ibisabwa kuri buri sitasiyo, kuringaniza sitasiyo yose yo guteranya, no gukumira ko akazi kaba kanini cyane kandi umuvuduko w'umurongo wose wo guteranya ukagabanuka. Kugira ngo abakozi bakore imirimo bagere ku buringanire bw'imyanya yo gukoreramo, bagomba kuba bazi neza buri gikorwa, babara amasaha y'akazi aho bakorera, kandi bagahindura inzira yo guteranya igihe icyo ari cyo cyose.
Byongeye kandi, inzira yo gukoresha icyuma gikingira imodoka irimo no gutegura ingengabihe y'ibikoresho bikoreshwa, kubara amasaha y'abakozi, amahugurwa y'abakozi, nibindi kuko agaciro k'ibikoresho bya tekiniki katari hejuru, ibi ntibizasobanurwa mu buryo burambuye. Muri make, ingano n'ubwiza bw'icyuma gikingira imodoka mu ikoranabuhanga ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'imodoka byagiye biba ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cyo gusuzuma imikorere y'imodoka. Abakora imodoka bagomba kwita cyane ku guhitamo icyuma gikingira imodoka, kandi ni ngombwa no gusobanukirwa inzira n'umusaruro w'icyuma gikingira imodoka.
